Aviation Glossary
The essential terms every pilot needs to know
Aviation has its own language. Whether you are just starting ground school or preparing for a checkride, understanding these terms will help you communicate clearly, study more effectively, and fly with confidence. This glossary covers 170+ terms used in pilot training and everyday flying.
1
- 100-Hour Inspection
- An FAA-required inspection for aircraft used to carry persons for hire or to give flight instruction for hire. Under 14 CFR 91.409(b), the inspection must be completed within the preceding 100 hours of time in service. An annual inspection also satisfies the 100-hour requirement, but a 100-hour does not satisfy the annual.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
A
- Abbreviated Briefing
- A Flight Service weather briefing used to update a previous briefing or to request specific missing information. The pilot tells the briefer when and where the earlier briefing was received so only changes and gaps are covered.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- ACS (Airman Certification Standards)
- The FAA's standards that define the knowledge, risk management, and skill requirements for each pilot certificate or rating. The ACS replaced the older Practical Test Standards (PTS) and is used by examiners during checkrides.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Actual Instrument
- Flight time logged when the aircraft is operated solely by reference to instruments in actual instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), without a view-limiting device. Actual instrument is distinct from simulated instrument time and is conventionally recorded in a separate logbook column; 14 CFR 61.51(g) governs how instrument time is logged.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- ADM (Aeronautical Decision-Making)
- A systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances. ADM incorporates risk management, situational awareness, and sound judgment.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast)
- A surveillance technology in which aircraft broadcast GPS-derived position and other data. ADS-B Out is required in much of controlled airspace; ADS-B In can deliver traffic and datalink weather that pilots use for strategic in-flight decisions, not close tactical maneuvering.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Advisory Circular (AC)
- An FAA publication that provides non-regulatory guidance on aviation subjects such as certification, currency, and training standards. Advisory Circulars like AC 61-65 (endorsements) and AC 61-98 (flight review) explain how to meet the regulations in practice.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- AFM (Airplane Flight Manual)
- The FAA-approved flight manual for an airplane that contains operating limitations, procedures, and performance information. Under 14 CFR 91.9, pilots must comply with the AFM or approved POH limitations, and the required manuals must be available in the aircraft when the type design requires them.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- AGL (Above Ground Level)
- A measurement of altitude expressed in feet above the terrain or ground directly below the aircraft. AGL is commonly used for traffic pattern altitudes and obstacle clearance.
- Aileron
- A hinged flight control surface on the trailing edge of each wing that controls the aircraft's roll about its longitudinal axis. Moving the control yoke or stick left or right deflects the ailerons in opposite directions.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- AIM (Aeronautical Information Manual)
- The FAA's official guide to basic flight information and ATC procedures for operating in the National Airspace System. Pilots use the AIM for practical guidance on topics such as airport lighting, weather services, and communications that complement the regulations in the FARs.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- AIRMET (Airmen's Meteorological Information)
- An in-flight weather advisory for conditions that may affect aircraft operations but are less severe than SIGMET criteria, such as moderate icing or turbulence, mountain obscuration, or widespread IFR. Modern briefings commonly present these as G-AIRMETs (graphical AIRMETs).Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Airplane Flying Handbook (AFH)
- The FAA handbook (FAA-H-8083-3) that covers flight maneuvers, takeoffs and landings, night operations, and other airplane flying techniques. Student pilots and instructors use it alongside the ACS as a primary reference for how to fly procedures correctly.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Airport Diagram
- A detailed chart of an airport's runways, taxiways, holding positions, hot spots, and frequencies used for surface movement planning. Student pilots commonly consult the airport diagram in an EFB or Chart Supplement before copying ATIS and taxiing at an unfamiliar field.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Airspace
- Defined areas of the atmosphere designated by the FAA with specific rules and requirements for aircraft operations. U.S. airspace is classified into Classes A, B, C, D, E, and G, each with different visibility, cloud clearance, and communication requirements.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Airspeed Indicator
- A flight instrument that displays the aircraft's speed through the air, typically in knots. It works by measuring the difference between pitot (ram air) pressure and static pressure. The indicator features colored arcs showing operating speed ranges.
- Airworthiness
- The condition in which an aircraft conforms to its type design and is in a condition for safe flight. Under 14 CFR 91.7, no person may operate a civil aircraft unless it is airworthy, and the pilot in command is responsible for that determination before each flight.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Airworthiness Certificate
- The FAA document that authorizes an aircraft to operate in the standard or special category for which it was certificated. Under 14 CFR 91.203, an appropriate and current airworthiness certificate must be onboard; it remains valid only while the aircraft is maintained and inspected as required.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Altimeter
- A pressure instrument that displays altitude by sensing static air pressure. Pilots set the local altimeter setting (from ATIS, AWOS, ASOS, or ATC) so indicated altitude matches the elevation of the reporting station when on the ground.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- AME (Aviation Medical Examiner)
- A physician designated by the FAA to perform medical examinations for pilot certificates. AMEs evaluate vision, hearing, cardiovascular health, and general fitness to determine if applicants meet medical standards.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- AMT (Aviation Maintenance Technician)
- A certified technician authorized to inspect, repair, and maintain aircraft. AMTs hold Airframe and/or Powerplant (A&P) certificates issued by the FAA after completing approved training and passing written, oral, and practical exams.Learn more in Part 147 Maintenance →
- Angle of Attack (AOA)
- The angle between the chord line of an airfoil (wing) and the relative wind. As angle of attack increases, lift increases up to the critical angle of attack, beyond which the wing stalls regardless of airspeed or attitude.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Annual Inspection
- A thorough aircraft inspection required at least once every 12 calendar months under 14 CFR 91.409(a). No person may operate an aircraft unless it has had an annual inspection within the preceding 12 calendar months. An annual also satisfies the 100-hour inspection requirement when applicable.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Anti-Collision Lights
- Aircraft lighting that increases conspicuity, typically a rotating beacon and/or strobe system. Under 14 CFR 91.205(c), an approved anti-collision light system is required for night VFR in addition to the day VFR equipment list.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Approach Plate
- The published instrument approach procedure chart that depicts the lateral and vertical path, fixes, altitudes, minima, and missed-approach instructions for an airport approach. Instrument pilots brief the approach plate before flying an IFR arrival or practice approach.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Area of Operation
- A major skill category in the Airman Certification Standards (ACS), such as preflight preparation, takeoffs and landings, or navigation. Each area of operation contains tasks the examiner may evaluate on the practical test, with knowledge, risk management, and skill elements.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- ARROW
- A student-pilot mnemonic for the documents that must be aboard an aircraft: Airworthiness certificate, Registration certificate, Radio station license (when required for international operations), Operating limitations (POH/AFM), and Weight and balance data. ARROW pairs with AV1ATE, which covers required inspections.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- ARTCC (Air Route Traffic Control Center)
- An FAA facility that provides air traffic control services to aircraft operating on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace, principally during the en route phase of flight. Pilots also contact ARTCC facilities to file or relay PIREPs and to review ARTCC-area NOTAMs that can affect a route.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- ASOS (Automated Surface Observing System)
- An automated weather observing system that continuously reports surface weather at many airports, including wind, visibility, sky condition, temperature, dew point, and altimeter setting. ASOS observations often feed METARs and may be available by frequency or telephone when ATIS is not.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- ATC (Air Traffic Control)
- The FAA service that separates and sequences aircraft in controlled airspace and on controlled airports. Controllers issue clearances, traffic advisories, and sequencing instructions; pilots read back clearances and report the current ATIS code when contacting the facility.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- ATIS (Automatic Terminal Information Service)
- A continuous broadcast of recorded aeronautical information at airports with control towers. ATIS provides current weather, active runways, NOTAMs, and other operational information, updated hourly or when conditions change significantly.
- Attitude Indicator
- Also known as the artificial horizon, this gyroscopic instrument displays the aircraft's pitch and bank attitude relative to the actual horizon. It is the primary instrument for maintaining aircraft control during instrument flight.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- AV1ATE
- A mnemonic for the inspections and checks that keep an aircraft airworthy: Annual, VOR check (IFR), 100-hour, Altimeter/static system (IFR), Transponder, and ELT. Student pilots use AV1ATE with ARROW to confirm both documents and inspection currency before flight.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- AWOS (Automated Weather Observing System)
- An automated airport weather system that broadcasts real-time observations such as wind, visibility, sky condition, temperature, dew point, and altimeter setting. AWOS is common at nontowered airports and is a primary weather source when ATIS is unavailable.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
C
- Cabin Pressure Altitude
- The pressure altitude inside the aircraft cabin — the altitude the occupants physiologically experience. Under 14 CFR 91.211, supplemental oxygen requirements are based on cabin pressure altitude, which in an unpressurized airplane is generally close to the airplane's pressure altitude.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Ceiling
- The height above the Earth's surface of the lowest broken or overcast cloud layer, or vertical visibility into an obscuration. Ceiling and visibility drive VFR/IFR weather categorization and are key go/no-go factors in METARs, TAFs, PIREPs, and weather briefings.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Center of Gravity (CG)
- The point at which an aircraft would balance if suspended. Loading must keep the CG within the approved envelope; an aft or forward CG changes stability, stall behavior, and takeoff/landing performance, which is why weight and balance data is part of the required aircraft documents.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- CFI (Certified Flight Instructor)
- A pilot who holds an FAA Flight Instructor certificate and is authorized to provide flight training. CFIs must hold at least a Commercial Pilot License and demonstrate teaching proficiency through written and practical examinations.Learn more in Flight Instructor →
- CFII (Certified Flight Instructor — Instrument)
- A flight instructor who holds an instrument instructor rating, authorizing them to provide instrument flight training. A CFII can sign off students for the Instrument Rating Knowledge Test and recommend them for the instrument checkride.Learn more in Flight Instructor →
- Chart Supplement
- An FAA publication (formerly the Airport/Facility Directory) with detailed airport data including frequencies, runway information, services, and remarks. Pilots use the Chart Supplement with sectional charts and EFBs during VFR flight planning.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Checkride
- The FAA practical test administered by a Designated Pilot Examiner (DPE) to evaluate a pilot applicant's knowledge and flying skills. It consists of an oral examination and a flight test, both evaluated against the Airman Certification Standards. Passing it is the final step before a temporary airman certificate is issued.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Civil Twilight
- The period after sunset or before sunrise when the sun is no more than 6 degrees below the horizon. The FAA defines night for logging purposes as the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Class B Airspace
- Controlled airspace surrounding the nation's busiest airports (e.g., LAX, JFK, ORD). Operations within Class B require an ATC clearance, a functioning transponder with Mode C, and at least a Private Pilot certificate (student pilots need specific endorsements).Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Class C Airspace
- Controlled airspace around airports with an operational control tower, radar approach control, and a certain volume of IFR operations. Under 14 CFR 91.130, pilots must establish two-way radio communication before entry, and Class C requires a Mode C transponder and ADS-B Out (91.215 and 91.225).Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Commercial Pilot Certificate
- An FAA pilot certificate that authorizes compensated flying privileges beyond private pilot limitations, subject to the ratings and limitations on the certificate. Many pilots pursue the commercial certificate after the instrument rating as the next career or advanced training milestone.Learn more in Commercial Pilot License →
- Convective SIGMET
- A SIGMET issued for thunderstorm-related hazards, including severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, heavy precipitation, hail, and strong winds. Convective SIGMETs are reviewed during preflight hazard checks because they identify areas where VFR and IFR flight may be unsafe.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- CRM (Crew Resource Management)
- A set of training procedures used in aviation to optimize human performance by reducing the effect of human error. CRM focuses on communication, situational awareness, problem-solving, decision-making, and teamwork among flight crew members.Learn more in Commercial Pilot License →
- Cross-Country Flight
- A flight that includes a landing at a point other than the point of departure, with specific distance and landing criteria depending on the certificate or rating. Private pilot night training and instrument rating experience both include defined cross-country requirements that must be correctly logged.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Crosswind
- A wind component that blows perpendicular to the aircraft's direction of travel, particularly relevant during takeoff and landing. Pilots use specific techniques (crab method or wing-low method) to compensate for crosswind conditions.
- CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency)
- The frequency used by pilots to announce position and intentions at nontowered airports. CTAF communications help aircraft maintain traffic awareness in the pattern and on the ground when no control tower is operating.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
D
- Dead Reckoning
- A navigation method where the pilot calculates their current position by using a previously determined position, then advancing that position based on known speed, elapsed time, and course. It's a fundamental piloting skill used alongside electronic navigation.
- Dew Point
- The temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure for saturation to occur. ATIS, ASOS, and AWOS reports include temperature and dew point; a small temperature-dew-point spread often signals possible fog, low ceilings, or carburetor icing risk.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- DME (Distance Measuring Equipment)
- An avionics system that measures the slant-range distance between the aircraft and a ground station in nautical miles. DME is often paired with VOR stations and used for instrument navigation and approach procedures.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Downwind
- The traffic-pattern leg flown parallel to the landing runway in the opposite direction of landing, typically opposite the upwind leg. Pilots configure, complete checklists, and plan spacing on downwind before turning base and final.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- DPE (Designated Pilot Examiner)
- An experienced pilot designated by the FAA to conduct practical tests (checkrides) for pilot certificates and ratings. DPEs evaluate applicants on behalf of the FAA Administrator.
E
- E6B Flight Computer
- A circular slide rule used by pilots for flight planning calculations including true airspeed, wind correction angle, fuel burn, distance, and time. Modern electronic versions exist, but the manual E6B remains a standard training tool.
- EFB (Electronic Flight Bag)
- An electronic device or application used by pilots for charts, airport diagrams, weather, flight planning, and document reference in place of paper materials. Student pilots commonly use EFBs to find ATIS frequencies, NOTAMs, and Chart Supplement data.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- ELT (Emergency Locator Transmitter)
- A radio transmitter that activates after a crash to help search-and-rescue locate the aircraft. ELT batteries and inspections are part of the AV1ATE currency checks pilots verify before flight.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Endorsement
- A written instructor authorization in a pilot's logbook that grants specific privileges, such as solo flight in a make and model or solo cross-country. Student pilot endorsements under 14 CFR 61.87 and 61.93 must match the aircraft and operation, and the 90-day solo endorsement expires and must be renewed.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
F
- FAR (Federal Aviation Regulations)
- The rules prescribed by the FAA governing all aviation activities in the United States. Key parts include Part 61 (pilot certification), Part 91 (general operating rules), Part 141 (flight school certification), and Part 135 (commuter and on-demand operations).Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- FBO (Fixed Base Operator)
- A commercial business at an airport that provides aviation services such as fuel, hangar space, aircraft parking, flight training, aircraft rental, and maintenance. FBOs serve as the primary service provider at most general aviation airports.
- FDC NOTAM
- A Flight Data Center NOTAM that publishes regulatory information such as changes to instrument approach procedures, chart amendments, and temporary flight restrictions. FDC NOTAMs are distinct from airport/facility (D) NOTAMs and must be reviewed in preflight planning.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Final Approach
- The last segment of an instrument or visual approach procedure in which the aircraft is aligned with the runway and descending for landing. During instrument approaches, the final approach begins at the final approach fix (FAF).
- Flaps
- Hinged surfaces on the trailing edge of the wing that increase both lift and drag when extended. Flaps allow the aircraft to fly at slower speeds during approach and landing, and enable shorter takeoff rolls. Common types include plain, split, slotted, and Fowler flaps.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Flight Plan
- A notice filed with Flight Service or ATC that describes an intended flight, including departure, route, destination, altitude, and estimated times. VFR flight plans support search-and-rescue awareness; IFR flight plans are required for IFR clearance and ATC separation services.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Flight Review
- Training required under 14 CFR 61.56 to act as pilot in command. A satisfactory flight review generally must be completed in the preceding 24 calendar months and includes at least one hour of ground training and one hour of flight training with an authorized instructor. It is training, not a checkride, and certain practical tests, proficiency checks, or a WINGS phase can satisfy the requirement.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Flight Service (FSS)
- The FAA Flight Service system that provides weather briefings, flight plan filing and services, and NOTAM information to pilots by phone, radio, or online tools. Pilots may also self-brief with approved sources; Flight Service remains available in a consultative role.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Flight Visibility
- The average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects by night. Flight visibility is a core field in PIREPs and a key element of VFR weather minimums.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- FOI (Fundamentals of Instruction)
- The body of knowledge covering the learning process, teaching methods, assessment techniques, and human behavior that flight instructor candidates must master. The FOI written test is required for all initial CFI applicants.Learn more in Flight Instructor →
- Full-Stop Landing
- A landing in which the aircraft comes to a complete stop on the runway before taxiing clear or taking off again. Night passenger currency (14 CFR 61.57(b)), private pilot night training (10 full-stop landings under 61.109), and the solo towered-airport landing requirement specifically call for full-stop landings rather than touch-and-goes.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
G
- G-AIRMET
- A graphical AIRMET product that depicts en route weather hazards such as turbulence, icing, mountain obscuration, and IFR conditions. Modern preflight briefings commonly present G-AIRMETs alongside SIGMETs and convective SIGMETs when building a route weather picture.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Glideslope
- The vertical guidance component of a precision approach, classically the ILS radio beam that defines the desired descent path to the runway. Visual glide path systems such as PAPI and VASI provide related vertical cues for VFR and night approaches when electronic glideslope is unavailable.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Go-Around
- A rejected landing in which the pilot discontinues the approach, adds power, establishes a climb, and either re-enters the traffic pattern or follows ATC instructions. Go-arounds are a normal safety tool when spacing, wake turbulence, runway condition, or approach stability is wrong.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Go/No-Go Decision
- The pilot-in-command judgment call to depart, delay, divert, or cancel based on aircraft, weather, airspace, NOTAMs, personal minimums, and alternative options. Effective go/no-go decisions happen before cockpit workload peaks and are supported by a complete preflight briefing habit.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- GPS (Global Positioning System)
- A satellite-based navigation system that provides precise position, altitude, and ground speed information to aircraft. GPS is the primary means of navigation for many IFR procedures including RNAV approaches.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Ground Effect
- An increase in aerodynamic efficiency that occurs when an aircraft flies very close to the ground (typically within one wingspan height). Ground effect reduces induced drag, which is why aircraft may float during landing if carrying excess speed.
- Ground School
- The classroom-based or online portion of flight training that covers aeronautical knowledge including aerodynamics, weather, navigation, regulations, aircraft systems, and flight planning. Ground school prepares students for the FAA Knowledge Test.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
H
- Heading Indicator
- A gyroscopic flight instrument that provides a stable directional reference for the aircraft. Unlike a magnetic compass, the heading indicator is not affected by turning errors or magnetic dip, but must be periodically realigned with the compass.
- Holding Pattern
- A predetermined maneuver that keeps aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance from ATC. Holding patterns are racetrack-shaped and defined by a fix, inbound course, and direction of turns (standard is right turns).Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Hypoxia
- A condition in which the body is not getting or using enough oxygen. In flight, hypoxia can impair judgment, coordination, vision, and decision-making — sometimes with euphoria that makes the impairment hard to self-detect. Suspected hypoxia calls for supplemental oxygen and a descent as conditions allow.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
I
- Icing
- Ice accretion on the airframe or induction system that degrades lift, increases drag and weight, and can block pitot-static or engine induction airflow. PIREPs, AIRMETs/SIGMETs, and forecasts help pilots recognize icing risk; most light trainers lack certified ice protection, so avoidance is the primary mitigation.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- IFR (Instrument Flight Rules)
- A set of regulations and procedures for flying aircraft by reference to instruments only, without visual reference to the ground. IFR flight requires an Instrument Rating, an IFR-equipped aircraft, and an ATC clearance.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- ILS (Instrument Landing System)
- A precision instrument approach system that provides both lateral (localizer) and vertical (glideslope) guidance to the runway. ILS approaches allow landings in lower visibility conditions than non-precision approaches.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Instrument Currency
- The recent instrument experience required under 14 CFR 61.57(c) to act as PIC under IFR or in weather conditions less than VFR minima. Instrument currency is separate from the flight review and from passenger takeoff-and-landing currency; an Instrument Proficiency Check can restore it when experience has lapsed.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Instrument Proficiency Check (IPC)
- An instrument proficiency evaluation with an authorized instructor or examiner under 14 CFR 61.57(d). An IPC restores instrument currency when a pilot has not met recent instrument experience requirements and is distinct from the broader flight review under 61.56.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Instrument Rating
- An FAA rating added to a pilot certificate that authorizes the holder to act as pilot in command under instrument flight rules (IFR) in instrument meteorological conditions. Requirements include instrument flight training, actual or simulated instrument time, a knowledge test, and a practical test.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Instrument Time
- Flight time logged when the aircraft is controlled solely by reference to instruments, either in actual IMC (actual instrument) or under a view-limiting device (simulated instrument). Instrument rating applicants must log required instrument time under 14 CFR 61.65, and some of it may be credited in an approved simulator or training device.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Intersection Departure
- A takeoff that begins from a taxiway intersection rather than the full length of the runway. Intersection departures shorten available runway and can place the airplane closer to another aircraft's wake, so pilots should confirm performance and request delay when wake separation is in doubt.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
K
- Knot
- The standard unit of speed in aviation, equal to one nautical mile per hour (approximately 1.15 statute miles per hour or 1.852 kilometers per hour). Airspeed, wind speed, and ground speed are typically expressed in knots.
- Knowledge Test
- The FAA written (computer-based) exam that evaluates aeronautical knowledge for a certificate or rating. Applicants typically need an instructor endorsement to take the test, and a passing score is required before the practical test (checkride).Learn more in Private Pilot License →
L
- Landing Light
- An aircraft light aimed forward to illuminate the runway or landing area. A landing light is required for aircraft operated for hire at night under 14 CFR 91.205(c); even when not legally required, students treat landing-light condition as a critical night-flying item.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Load Factor
- The ratio of the lift produced by the wings to the actual weight of the aircraft. In level flight, load factor is 1G. During turns, load factor increases — a 60-degree banked turn produces a 2G load factor, doubling the effective weight on the wings.Learn more in Commercial Pilot License →
- Localizer
- The lateral guidance component of an ILS that provides a precise course aligned with the runway centerline. A localizer can also support non-precision localizer-only approaches when glideslope is unavailable or not authorized.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Logbook
- A record where pilots document their flight time, including date, aircraft type, route, conditions (day/night, VFR/IFR), and type of experience (solo, dual, PIC). Accurate logbook entries are required to prove eligibility for certificates and ratings.
- Low Approach
- An approach to a runway in which the pilot intentionally does not land, typically continuing in the traffic pattern or executing a missed approach. Flying a low approach behind heavier traffic can put a light airplane into another aircraft's wake path if vertical and runway-position separation are not maintained.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
M
- Medical Certificate
- An FAA certificate issued by an Aviation Medical Examiner confirming a pilot meets the medical standards for a class of privileges. Private pilots typically need at least a Third Class medical (or an eligible BasicMed alternative where permitted) before exercising solo or PIC privileges.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- METAR
- A standardized format for reporting current weather conditions at an airport. METARs include wind, visibility, cloud cover, temperature, dewpoint, and altimeter setting. Pilots use METARs for preflight weather briefings and in-flight decision-making.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Missed Approach
- A published or ATC-directed climb-out procedure flown when an instrument approach cannot be completed to a landing, or when a low approach/go-around is executed. After a larger aircraft's missed approach, residual wake turbulence can remain along the runway and flight path.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Mode C Veil
- The airspace within 30 nautical miles of the Class B primary airports listed in 14 CFR 91 Appendix D, from the surface up to 10,000 feet MSL, where an operable Mode C (altitude-reporting) transponder and ADS-B Out are generally required. The Mode C veil appears on sectional charts and affects equipment planning even for flights that never enter Class B.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Mountain Obscuration
- A weather condition in which mountains or mountain ridges are hidden by clouds, precipitation, smoke, or other obscurations. Widespread mountain obscuration is a common AIRMET/G-AIRMET hazard and is a frequent go/no-go factor for VFR mountain or foothill flying.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- MSL (Mean Sea Level)
- A measurement of altitude expressed in feet above the average level of the ocean surface. MSL altitude is used for en route navigation, airspace boundaries, and instrument approach procedures. Altimeters display MSL altitude when set to the local altimeter setting.
- Multi-Engine Rating
- An add-on rating to a pilot certificate that authorizes the pilot to fly aircraft with more than one engine. Training focuses on engine-out procedures, Vmc demonstrations, asymmetric thrust management, and multi-engine systems.Learn more in Multi-Engine Rating →
N
- NAVAID (Navigational Aid)
- A ground-based or space-based facility that supports aircraft navigation, such as a VOR, NDB, DME, ILS, or the GPS satellite constellation. NAVAID outages published in NOTAMs can force a route, approach, or training-plan change even when weather looks fine.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Night Currency
- The recent flight experience required to carry passengers at night. Under 14 CFR 61.57(b), a pilot needs three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop within the preceding 90 days, accomplished during the period from one hour after sunset to one hour before sunrise.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Non-Precision Approach
- An instrument approach procedure that provides lateral guidance to the runway but does not include an electronic glideslope for vertical guidance. Examples include localizer-only, VOR, and many RNAV (GPS) LNAV approaches; pilots descend to a minimum descent altitude (MDA) and must see the runway environment to continue.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Nontowered Airport
- An airport without an operating control tower where pilots self-announce and sequence using CTAF/UNICOM procedures. Nontowered operations still require traffic-pattern discipline and wake-turbulence awareness around larger arrivals and departures.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- NOTAM (Notice to Air Missions)
- A notice containing information concerning the establishment, condition, or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure, or hazard. Pilots are required to check NOTAMs during preflight planning.
O
- Operating Limitations
- The approved limits and procedures for an aircraft, found in the AFM/POH, placards, and instrument markings. Under 14 CFR 91.9, these limitations must be available in the aircraft, and operating contrary to them is prohibited. Operating limitations are the "O" in the ARROW documents mnemonic.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Oral Exam
- The ground portion of a practical test in which a Designated Pilot Examiner questions the applicant on knowledge and risk management before or alongside the flight portion. Oral prep typically covers weather, airspace, aircraft systems, regulations, and scenario-based decision-making tied to the ACS.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Outlook Briefing
- A Flight Service weather briefing used for early planning when departure is six hours or more away. An outlook briefing highlights whether a weather system or broad hazard may affect the flight, but it is not a substitute for a standard or abbreviated briefing closer to departure.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
P
- PAPI (Precision Approach Path Indicator)
- A visual approach slope indicator system using a row of light units beside the runway to show whether the aircraft is above, on, or below the desired glide path. A disabled or NOTAMed PAPI can change a night or VFR approach plan.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Part 141
- Title 14 CFR Part 141 — the FAA regulation governing pilot schools that operate under an FAA-approved curriculum. Part 141 schools offer structured training programs that may allow students to complete certificates with fewer minimum flight hours.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Part 147
- Title 14 CFR Part 147 — the FAA regulation governing aviation maintenance technician schools. Part 147 schools provide the training required to earn Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) certificates for aircraft maintenance.Learn more in Part 147 Maintenance →
- Part 61
- Title 14 CFR Part 61 — the FAA regulation governing certification of pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors. Part 61 training allows flexible scheduling and is the most common path for private pilot students.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Part 91
- Title 14 CFR Part 91 — the FAA regulation covering general operating and flight rules for all aircraft operations in U.S. airspace. Part 91 defines rules for VFR/IFR flight, equipment requirements, maintenance responsibilities, and pilot-in-command authority.
- Partial Panel
- Instrument flying with one or more primary attitude or performance instruments unavailable, typically after a vacuum, electrical, or pitot-static failure. Partial-panel training teaches pilots to maintain control and complete the flight using remaining instruments and standby systems.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Personal Minimums
- Pilot-specific limits that are more restrictive than legal weather, altitude, or aircraft limits — such as ceiling, visibility, crosswind, fuel reserves, or an oxygen-use altitude. Written personal minimums keep go/no-go and equipment decisions consistent under schedule or passenger pressure.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- PIC (Pilot in Command)
- The pilot designated as the final authority and directly responsible for the operation and safety of the flight. The PIC has the authority to deviate from any rule in an emergency to the extent required to meet the emergency.
- PIC Time
- Pilot-in-command time logged under 14 CFR 61.51. Student pilots may log PIC only for solo flight when they are the sole occupant and properly endorsed; rated pilots log PIC when they are the sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for which they are rated, when they are the sole occupant, or when acting as PIC of an aircraft that requires more than one pilot under its type certificate or the regulations for the flight.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Pilot-Controlled Lighting (PCL)
- Airport runway and taxiway lighting that a pilot activates by keying the aircraft microphone on a published frequency, usually CTAF or UNICOM. The Chart Supplement and AIM describe the click sequence and timing; confirming PCL availability is a standard night preflight step at many nontowered airports.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (PHAK)
- The FAA handbook (FAA-H-8083-25) covering foundational aeronautical knowledge topics such as aerodynamics, aircraft systems, flight instruments, weather, and human factors. Ground schools and checkride prep commonly treat the PHAK as a core reference alongside the AIM and Airplane Flying Handbook.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- PIREP (Pilot Weather Report)
- An observation of weather conditions reported by a pilot in flight. PIREPs describe conditions such as turbulence, icing, cloud bases and tops, visibility, and wind shear, giving other pilots timely evidence to compare against forecasts.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Pitot-Static System
- The system of pressure-sensing instruments that includes the airspeed indicator, altimeter, and vertical speed indicator. It works by comparing ram air pressure (from the pitot tube) with static atmospheric pressure (from static ports). Under 14 CFR 91.411, the altimeter and static pressure system must be tested within the preceding 24 calendar months for IFR operations in controlled airspace.
- POH (Pilot's Operating Handbook)
- The manufacturer handbook that contains operating limitations, procedures, performance data, and systems information for a specific aircraft. For many airplanes the approved Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) or POH satisfies the 14 CFR 91.9 requirement to have operating limitations available in the aircraft.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Position Lights
- Navigation lights that show an aircraft's orientation: red on the left wingtip, green on the right, and white on the tail. Approved position lights are required for night VFR under 14 CFR 91.205(c) and help other pilots judge relative position in the traffic pattern.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Precision Approach
- An instrument approach that provides both lateral and vertical electronic guidance to the runway, such as an ILS, GLS, or PAR. RNAV (GPS) LPV and LNAV/VNAV procedures also provide vertical guidance and are flown to a decision altitude, but the FAA classifies them as approaches with vertical guidance (APV) rather than precision approaches.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Preflight Action
- The pilot-in-command duty under 14 CFR 91.103 to become familiar with all available information concerning a flight before departure. Required items include runway lengths, takeoff and landing distances, weather reports and forecasts, fuel requirements, alternatives if the flight cannot be completed, and known ATC delays; "all available information" includes NOTAMs.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Preflight Inspection
- A thorough visual and physical inspection of the aircraft performed by the pilot before each flight. The preflight checks fuel quantity and quality, oil level, control surfaces, tires, lights, and overall aircraft condition using the manufacturer's checklist.
- Pressure Altitude
- The altitude shown on the altimeter when it is set to the standard pressure of 29.92 inHg (1013.2 hPa). In an unpressurized airplane, cabin altitude is generally close to pressure altitude; pressurized airplanes can keep cabin pressure altitude much lower than the airplane's altitude.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Private Pilot Certificate
- The FAA airman certificate that allows a pilot to act as pilot in command of an aircraft for personal and recreational flying, carrying passengers but not for compensation or hire. Under Part 61, applicants need at least 40 hours of flight time, required training, a knowledge test, and a practical test.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
R
- Recent Flight Experience
- The takeoff, landing, and instrument currency requirements in 14 CFR 61.57 that a pilot must meet to act as PIC in certain operations, especially when carrying passengers. Carrying passengers requires three takeoffs and landings within the preceding 90 days (to a full stop at night; see Night Currency). The flight review is required to act as PIC at all; recent flight experience additionally covers passenger-carrying and instrument privileges.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Registration Certificate
- The FAA aircraft registration document that must be carried aboard the aircraft. It is the "R" in the ARROW mnemonic and proves the aircraft is registered to its owner; registration is distinct from the airworthiness certificate.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- REIL (Runway End Identifier Lights)
- A pair of synchronized flashing lights that mark the approach end of a runway to help pilots identify the threshold, especially at night or in low visibility. REIL outages appear in NOTAMs and can change night arrival planning at unfamiliar airports.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Risk Management
- The ACS element that evaluates how a pilot identifies, assesses, and mitigates hazards before and during flight. Risk management sits alongside aeronautical knowledge and skill elements in each ACS task and is central to ADM tools such as personal minimums and go/no-go decisions.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- RNAV (Area Navigation)
- A method of navigation that allows aircraft to fly on any desired flight path within the coverage of referenced navigation signals or within the limits of self-contained system capability (GPS). RNAV approaches are the most common GPS-based instrument approaches.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
S
- Sectional Chart
- An aeronautical chart used for VFR navigation that depicts topographic features, airspace boundaries, airports, navigation aids, and other information at a scale of 1:500,000. Sectional charts are updated every 56 days.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- SIGMET (Significant Meteorological Information)
- An in-flight weather advisory for significant hazards that may affect all aircraft, such as severe icing, severe or extreme turbulence, dust storms, or volcanic ash. SIGMETs are checked with convective SIGMETs and G-AIRMETs when building a route weather picture.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Simulated Instrument
- Instrument flight time logged while flying by reference to instruments under a view-limiting device, with a safety pilot or instructor on board. Simulated instrument time counts toward instrument rating and instrument currency requirements when logged correctly under 14 CFR 61.51 and 61.65.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Sky Condition
- The reported amount and height of cloud layers, typically described with contractions such as FEW, SCT, BKN, and OVC plus the layer altitude. ATIS, METAR, and ASOS/AWOS broadcasts include sky condition so pilots can compare ceilings and cloud coverage with personal minimums and VFR requirements.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Slip/Skid
- Uncoordinated flight conditions. A slip occurs when the aircraft is banked too much for the rate of turn (ball deflected toward the turn). A skid occurs when there is too much rudder for the bank angle (ball deflected away from the turn). The inclinometer (ball) indicates coordination.
- Solo Cross-Country
- A student-pilot cross-country flight conducted as the sole occupant of the aircraft after receiving the required instructor endorsements under 14 CFR 61.93. Solo cross-country flights must meet distance and landing requirements that count toward private pilot certificate experience.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Solo Flight
- A flight in which the student pilot is the sole occupant of the aircraft. Before the first solo, the student must receive endorsements from their flight instructor certifying competence in the specific aircraft type and at the specific airport.
- Special Use Airspace (SUA)
- Airspace of defined dimensions where activities must be confined or where limitations are imposed on aircraft not participating in those activities. Types include prohibited, restricted, warning, military operations (MOA), alert, and controlled firing areas; status is often verified via NOTAMs and charts.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Stall
- An aerodynamic condition where the wing exceeds its critical angle of attack and can no longer produce sufficient lift to sustain flight. A stall can occur at any airspeed, in any attitude, and at any power setting — it is always caused by exceeding the critical angle of attack.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Standard Briefing
- A complete Flight Service weather briefing requested within about six hours of departure when the pilot has not already received a full briefing. It is the detailed package used to evaluate route weather, hazards, winds, and operational information before a go/no-go decision.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Steep Turns
- A private-pilot training and ACS maneuver in which the airplane is banked at approximately 45 degrees (or as specified in the ACS) while maintaining altitude and airspeed through coordinated use of pitch, bank, and power. Steep turns build division of attention and load-factor awareness.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Supplemental Oxygen
- Oxygen provided to crew or passengers to prevent hypoxia at altitude. For unpressurized Part 91 flights under 14 CFR 91.211, required minimum flight crew must use oxygen after more than 30 minutes above 12,500 feet cabin altitude, continuously above 14,000 feet, and every occupant must be provided oxygen above 15,000 feet. FAA guidance also encourages earlier use, especially at night.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
T
- TAF (Terminal Aerodrome Forecast)
- A weather forecast in coded format issued for airports, covering a 24 or 30 hour period. TAFs predict wind, visibility, cloud cover, and significant weather changes. Pilots use TAFs alongside METARs for flight planning decisions.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Taxiway
- A defined path on an airport for taxiing aircraft between runways, ramps, and other areas. NOTAMs frequently announce taxiway closures or construction, and night operations require confirming taxiway lighting before movement.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- TFR (Temporary Flight Restriction)
- A temporary airspace restriction issued by NOTAM that limits or prohibits aircraft operations in a defined area for reasons such as disaster relief, VIP movement, or special events. Checking TFRs is a core part of VFR preflight NOTAM review.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Time in Service
- The time from the moment an aircraft leaves the surface of the earth until it touches down at the next point of landing, used for maintenance intervals such as the 100-hour inspection under 14 CFR 91.409. Maintenance entries often reference tach time as a practical measure of time in service.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Touch-and-Go
- A landing practice maneuver in which the aircraft touches down and immediately takes off again without coming to a full stop. Touch-and-goes are useful training tools but do not satisfy night passenger-currency landing requirements, which require full-stop landings.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Touchdown Zone
- The portion of the runway near the approach end intended for landing touchdown, often marked with touchdown-zone markings and lighting. Wake vortices and a light tailwind can move another aircraft's wake forward into the touchdown zone, so pilots plan aim points carefully behind heavier traffic.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Towered Airport
- An airport with an operating air traffic control tower that issues taxi, takeoff, and landing clearances. Many towered airports broadcast ATIS; pilots should obtain the current information and notify ATC on initial contact that they have the ATIS code.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Traffic Pattern
- The standard rectangular flight path around an airport used for arrivals, departures, and training. Pattern legs typically include upwind, crosswind, downwind, base, and final. Night training for private pilots requires takeoffs and landings involving flight in the traffic pattern.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Transponder
- An electronic device in the aircraft that transmits a coded signal when interrogated by ground radar. Mode C transponders report altitude. Mode S transponders support ADS-B Out, which is required in most controlled airspace.
U
- Urgent PIREP (UUA)
- A pilot weather report marked urgent rather than routine (UA). UUA reports highlight conditions that need immediate dissemination, such as severe or extreme turbulence, severe icing, hail, volcanic ash, or other hazards that can rapidly affect flight safety. Student pilots should treat UUA details as high-priority briefing inputs.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
V
- VASI (Visual Approach Slope Indicator)
- A visual glide-path aid that uses red and white light bars beside the runway to help pilots maintain a safe approach angle. A disabled VASI is a common NOTAM item that can change night or VFR approach planning.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- VFR (Visual Flight Rules)
- A set of regulations under which a pilot operates an aircraft by visual reference to the ground and specific visibility and cloud clearance requirements. VFR flight is the standard for private pilots and does not require an instrument rating.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- View-Limiting Device
- A hood, foggles, or similar device that blocks outside visual references so a pilot must fly by instruments. Instrument trainees wear a view-limiting device during most dual simulated-instrument lessons to build scan, attitude control, and approach skills.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- Visibility
- The ability to see and identify prominent objects, reported as prevailing visibility at the surface or as flight visibility from the cockpit. Low visibility appears in METARs, ATIS, AIRMETs, and PIREPs and is a primary go/no-go factor for VFR student flights.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Vmc (Minimum Control Speed)
- The minimum speed at which an aircraft can maintain directional control with one engine inoperative, the other at takeoff power, and specific configurations. Vmc is a critical concept in multi-engine training and marked with a red radial line on the airspeed indicator.Learn more in Multi-Engine Rating →
- VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range)
- A ground-based radio navigation aid that transmits VHF signals in 360 radials, allowing pilots to determine their magnetic bearing to or from the station. VORs are used for en route navigation and many instrument approach procedures.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
- VOR Receiver Check
- A periodic accuracy check of VOR navigation equipment required for IFR use under 14 CFR 91.171, commonly completed within the preceding 30 days via a VOT, designated checkpoint, dual VOR comparison, or airborne check. The check date, place, bearing error, and signature must be logged.Learn more in Instrument Rating →
W
- Wake Turbulence
- Counter-rotating wingtip vortices generated by an aircraft producing lift. Wake turbulence is strongest behind heavy, clean, slow aircraft and can exceed a light airplane's roll-control authority. Pilots avoid it by staying above and landing beyond a preceding heavier aircraft's path.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Weight and Balance
- The calculation performed before each flight to ensure the aircraft's total weight is within limits and the center of gravity (CG) falls within the approved envelope. Improper weight and balance can make an aircraft uncontrollable.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Wind Shear
- A sudden change in wind speed or direction over a short distance, including low-level wind shear near the surface. Wind shear is a hazard that can appear in PIREPs and weather briefings and may require a go-around or delayed departure.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- Winds Aloft
- Forecast or reported wind direction and speed at altitude, used for flight planning, groundspeed estimates, and turbulence expectations. PIREPs often include wind-aloft observations that pilots compare with forecast winds during preflight and en route weather updates.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
- WINGS (Pilot Proficiency Program)
- An FAA-sponsored voluntary proficiency program. Completing a phase of WINGS can satisfy the flight review requirement under 14 CFR 61.56 and gives returning or active pilots a structured way to keep building knowledge and skills between formal reviews.Learn more in Private Pilot License →
Z
- Zulu Time
- Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), used as the standard time reference in aviation worldwide to eliminate confusion across time zones. All flight plans, METARs, TAFs, and NOTAMs use Zulu time. For example, 1500Z is 3:00 PM UTC.
Ready to learn the full picture?
A glossary teaches you the words. Ground school teaches you how to use them. Explore AviatorPro's courses to build the knowledge that gets you through the FAA exam and into the cockpit.