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Wake Turbulence
Counter-rotating wingtip vortices generated by an aircraft producing lift. Wake turbulence is strongest behind heavy, clean, slow aircraft and can exceed a light airplane's roll-control authority. Pilots avoid it by staying above and landing beyond a preceding heavier aircraft's path.
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- Windward SideThe upwind side of a ridge or mountain where airflow is forced upward. Windward slopes can produce lift, while the corresponding lee side may produce downdrafts and turbulence; mountain planning identifies both sides before entering a valley or approaching a ridge so an escape toward lower terrain remains available.