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Vmc (Minimum Control Speed)
The minimum speed at which an aircraft can maintain directional control with one engine inoperative, the other at takeoff power, and specific configurations. Vmc is a critical concept in multi-engine training and marked with a red radial line on the airspeed indicator.
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- VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range)A ground-based radio navigation aid that transmits VHF signals in 360 radials, allowing pilots to determine their magnetic bearing to or from the station. VORs are used for en route navigation and many instrument approach procedures.
- VOR Receiver CheckA periodic accuracy check of VOR navigation equipment required for IFR use under 14 CFR 91.171, commonly completed within the preceding 30 days via a VOT, designated checkpoint, dual VOR comparison, or airborne check. The check date, place, bearing error, and signature must be logged.
- Wake TurbulenceCounter-rotating wingtip vortices generated by an aircraft producing lift. Wake turbulence is strongest behind heavy, clean, slow aircraft and can exceed a light airplane's roll-control authority. Pilots avoid it by staying above and landing beyond a preceding heavier aircraft's path.
- Weight and BalanceThe calculation performed before each flight to ensure the aircraft's total weight is within limits and the center of gravity (CG) falls within the approved envelope. Improper weight and balance can make an aircraft uncontrollable.