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Knowledge Test
The FAA written (computer-based) exam that evaluates aeronautical knowledge for a certificate or rating. Applicants typically need an instructor endorsement to take the test, and a passing score is required before the practical test (checkride).
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- Landing DistanceThe horizontal distance required to descend from a specified height above the runway, commonly 50 feet, touch down, and stop, as published in the aircraft's POH or AFM. High density altitude, greater weight, a tailwind, a downhill slope, and reduced braking effectiveness increase the required distance. A headwind reduces landing distance, and an uphill slope typically shortens the landing roll. Use the applicable performance charts and corrections for the actual conditions.
- Landing LightAn aircraft light aimed forward to illuminate the runway or landing area. A landing light is required for aircraft operated for hire at night under 14 CFR 91.205(c); even when not legally required, students treat landing-light condition as a critical night-flying item.
- Lee SideThe downwind side of a ridge, mountain, or other terrain obstacle. After air is forced up the windward slope, the lee side often produces downdrafts, turbulence, rotors, and mountain-wave activity, a primary reason mountain routes plan an exit toward lower terrain rather than counting on climb rate.
- Left-Turning TendencyThe combined left yaw produced in a single-engine airplane with a clockwise-rotating propeller by torque reaction, P-factor, spiraling slipstream, and gyroscopic precession. Left-turning tendency is strongest at high power, high angle of attack, and low airspeed, especially on the takeoff roll and initial climb, and is corrected with right rudder.